buckle fx

Torus fractures, also known as buckle fractures, are incomplete fractures of the shaft of a long bone that is characterised by bulging of the cortex. They result from trabecular compression from an axial loading force along the long axis of the bone. They are usually seen in children, frequently involving the distal radial metaphysis.

Epidemiology

These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones.

Pathology

Cortical buckle fractures occur when there is axial loading of a long bone. This most commonly occurs at the distal radius or tibia following a fall on an outstretched arm; the force is transmitted from carpus to the distal radius and the point of least resistance fractures, usually the dorsal cortex of the distal radius.

Radiographic features

Plain radiograph

• distinct fracture lines are not seen
• subtle deformity or buckle of the cortex may be evident
• in some cases, angulation is the only diagnostic clue

Treatment and prognosis

They are self-limiting and typically do not require operative intervention, although a manipulation may be required if the angulation is severe. Sometimes a cast may be applied, but often a splint is all that is required with a period of rest and immobilisation.

History and etymology

The term torus is derived from the Latin word tori which means protuberance. A torus is the convex portion of the upper part of the base of a Greek column (figure 1), and resembles the appearance of the cortical buckling seen in the "column" of bone which has been fractured in the pattern discussed in this article.

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